Chandipura Virus Infection: Know 7 Symptoms, Causes & Prevention Tips!

Are you experiencing sudden flu-like symptoms along with confusion or seizures? Do you have a fever, vomiting, and a stiff neck? If so, it's important to get a diagnosis immediately, especially if you live in an area with a known outbreak of Chandipura virus infection spread by sand flies and ticks. The Chandipura virus (CHPV), named after the village in India where it was first identified, causes a serious infection scientifically known as Chandipura encephalitis. Mainly affects children under 15, this mosquito-borne illness primarily affects the brain and causes flu-like symptoms, seizures, and even coma. 

The recent 2024 outbreak of this virus has been reported in Gujarat, where Sabarkantha and Panchmahal have both reported three cases each, while Aravalli and Mehsana have two each. Other areas have also reported single cases. Since there is no specific treatment yet, understanding the Chandipura virus symptoms is essential for getting specialised care quickly for favourable health outcomes. 

So, let’s discuss and understand the symptoms, causes, transmission treatment tips, and Chandipura virus infection news to prevent CHPV with preventive measures and increased awareness.

Table Of Contents

1. What Is Chandipura Virus Infection?

2. Chandipura Virus News And Outbreak

3. 7 Symptoms Of Chandipura Virus Infection

4. Chandipura Virus Infection Causes And Treatment

5. Prevention Strategies For Chandipura Virus

6. Expert’s Advice

7. The Final Say

8. FAQs

9. References

What Is Chandipura Virus Infection?

Chandipura virus (CHPV) is a type of virus transmitted by insects (flies and ticks) and is part of the Vesiculovirus genus in the Rhabdoviridae family. This virus has been found to attack children, specifically those under the age of 15. Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) covers a range of serious brain conditions caused by different factors like viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and toxins. Some common viruses that cause AES include Japanese Encephalitis, Dengue, Herpes Simplex, Chandipura Virus, and West Nile Virus.

This attracted global attention due to its role in causing encephalitis during the 2003-2004 outbreaks in central India. During these outbreaks, there were 322 reported child deaths: 183 in Andhra Pradesh, 115 in Maharashtra, and 24 in Gujarat.

The case fatality rates were alarmingly high, ranging from 56% to 75% in Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat. Sadly, most of these deaths occurred within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms. Though the virus was isolated in 1965, it grabbed attention post-2003 outbreak. 

Also Read: Nipah Virus Infection (NiV): Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment

Chandipura Virus News And Outbreak

India faces its worst outbreak of Chandipura virus in over 20 years right now, with at least 32 deaths reported, mostly children. Spread by sandflies, mosquitoes, and ticks, it primarily affects those under 15. 

As per several news agencies, it has been confirmed that some cases have been reported with Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES), out of which few have been confirmed to have Chandipura infection. Some known medical experts in India reviewed the situation of Chandipura virus and Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) in Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh and confirmed that Gujarat has seen a rise in AES cases among children.

The current surge is unclear, but experts point to factors like increased stagnant water due to poor sanitation and rising temperatures, both potentially linked to climate change. This outbreak is part of a larger trend of vector-borne diseases increasing globally due to climate change.

• As of July 23, 2024, there have been 78 reported cases of AES, with 75 from Gujarat, 2 from Rajasthan, and 1 from Madhya Pradesh.

• Sadly, 28 of these cases have been fatal. Out of 76 samples tested, 9 have confirmed the presence of Chandipura Virus (CHPV), all of which, along with 5 related deaths, are from Gujarat.

While the current death rate seems high at 76%, unreported mild cases might bring the actual fatality rate down. Authorities are screening people, sending samples for diagnosis, and spraying houses with repellent to control the outbreak.

Also Read: What Is Mumps Virus? Know 8 Symptoms, Causes And Treatment Methods!

7 Symptoms Of Chandipura Virus Infection

The Chandipura virus infection is known for its rapid progression, necessitating swift and accurate diagnosis to improve recovery chances. The severity and signs of symptoms can vary among individuals. Key symptoms of Chandipura virus infection include:

1. High Fever

One of the earliest and most common signs of Chandipura virus infection is the sudden onset of a high fever, often exceeding 102°F (39°C). This spike in temperature indicates the body's immune response to the viral infection. The fever may be accompanied by alarming chills and sweating, further exacerbating the patient's discomfort.

Also Read: Home Remedies For Viral Fever

2. Headache

Severe headaches frequently accompany the high fever. These headaches can be intense and persistent, often described as throbbing or pulsating. The pain can be really debilitating, making it difficult for the infected patient to engage in daily activities and necessitating pain management interventions.

3. Seizures

Seizures or convulsions are significant and alarming symptoms of this infection. These episodes result from the virus affecting the central nervous system, causing abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Seizures can range from brief, subtle shaking to severe, prolonged convulsions, requiring immediate medical intervention to prevent complications.

4. Altered Mental Status

Patients may exhibit confusion, drowsiness, or even lapse into a coma. These changes in mental status reflect the severe neurological impact of the virus and can lead to dangerous situations if the patient is not closely monitored. Prompt medical evaluation is critical to managing these symptoms and preventing long-term neurological damage.

Also Read: 7 Best Habits For Brain Health And Mental Well-Being

5. Neurological Symptoms

Tremors, muscle weakness, and coordination problems are common neurological symptoms of Chandipura virus infection. These symptoms indicate the virus's impact on the nervous system and can significantly impair the patient's ability to perform everyday tasks. In severe cases, paralysis or persistent neurological deficits may occur, necessitating rehabilitation and supportive care.

6. Vomiting

Persistent nausea and vomiting are also observed in patients with Chandipura virus infection. These gastrointestinal symptoms can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, further complicating the patient's condition. Maintaining proper hydration and nutrition becomes crucial in managing these symptoms and supporting the patient's recovery.

7. Rashes

In some cases, individuals may develop skin rashes, which can vary in appearance from red, flat spots to raised, itchy bumps. While not as common as other symptoms, rashes can provide an additional clue in diagnosing the infection. The presence of rashes may indicate a systemic response to the virus and should be evaluated in conjunction with other clinical signs.

Also Read: Learn About Suppurative Lung Disease With 5 Respiratory Infections!

Chandipura Virus Infection Causes And Treatment

Though the infection is not new, it still demands research on infestation and treatment. However, to reduce the chances, note these Chandipura virus causes to take preventive measures:

Also Read: Say Goodbye To Post-Infectious Cough With These 5 Best Home Remedies!

Prevention Strategies For Chandipura Virus

Effectively preventing Chandipura virus infection involves multiple strategies to control vector infestation and promote community awareness. Try considering these effective strategies to prevent the Chandipura virus:

• Use repellents containing DEET, picaridin, or lemon eucalyptus oil on exposed skin to deter sand flies and reduce the risk of bites, which can transmit the virus.

• Sleep under nets treated with insecticides, especially in areas where sand flies are common for a physical barrier and kill sand flies upon contact, protecting individuals during sleep.

• Apply insecticides inside homes to reduce sand fly populations and target sand flies that may have entered homes, reducing the likelihood of infection.

• Eliminate or treat breeding sites for sand flies, such as damp soil and organic matter; this disrupts the sand fly lifecycle and reduces their population.

• Remove or treat areas with stagnant water where sand flies might breed; eliminating or treating these areas is recommended.

• Keep surroundings clean and free of organic debris that can attract sandflies to residential areas.

• Wearing long-sleeved clothing and pants provides a physical barrier against sand fly bites, particularly during their active periods.

• Educate communities about the Chandipura virus, its transmission, and preventive measures to empower individuals to protect themselves and others.

• Support and participate in virus control programs, such as spraying insecticides and cleaning breeding sites to reduce sand fly populations and prevent the spread of the virus.

Expert’s Advice 

While there is no specific diet that would help cure the illness, we can provide symptomatic relief to the patient through diet as well. I suggest a diet which is easily digestible, like whole grains, easily digestible proteins with fewer peptide bonds, monounsaturated fatty acids and includes low to moderate fibre.

Since the infected people are kids, keeping their dietary choices as per their choice would be beneficial to improve intake. Fluid intake must be watched carefully, as due to high fever, there might be excessive electrolyte loss. Hence, electrolytes and easily digestible nutritional supplements can be given as the intake must be poor during the illness.

If the patients are suffering from seizures, a keto diet plan would help to reduce the seizure symptoms. In total, the diet should be totally patient-oriented and to soothe the symptomatic issues.

                                                                                              Dt. Aditi Upadhyay

The Final Say

Ultimately, the Chandipura virus is a serious health infection, especially in parts of India where it causes Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) outbreaks. Although there is no specific treatment, preventing sandfly bites, taking precautionary measures, inculcating healthy habits and spreading awareness can stop the virus from spreading. Remember, the disease can progress quickly and have severe effects, so early diagnosis and quick medical care are vital. So, continue active monitoring to detect the Chandipura virus symptoms and minimise its impact on communities.

FAQs

1. Can the Chandipura virus be detected through a blood PCR test? 

Yes, the Chandipura virus can be diagnosed by particular blood tests and various lab investigations. Normally, a test is a search for viral RNA or antibodies in the blood. It can also be detected through rapid antibody tests.

2. What is the incubation period of Chandipura virus?

Rash or local Chandipura virus signs are normally observed within the first few days to a week after biting through an infected sand fly or tick.

3. What are the complications of the Chandipura virus?

The Chandipura virus complications would include serious neurological involvement ranging from coma to persistent seizures, as well as such long-term deficits as a change in mental status or in motor skills.

4. Is there any vaccine available for the infection?

Not yet! Currently, there are no vaccines for the Chandipura virus, so the public has no immunity against it. Prevention measures centre on avoiding contact with sand flies and controlling the occurrence of outbreaks.

5. What can be done on the community level to avoid experiencing epidemics of the Chandipura virus?

Reducing exposure to risky activities such as vector control, improving local area sanitation, and increasing public awareness of methods for controlling Chandipura virus complications are some of the ways to go.

References

• pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2034701

• Health Ministry reviews Chandipura virus, Acute Encephalitis Syndrome cases in Gujarat, Raj and MP - The Economic Times (indiatimes.com)

• Isolation of Chandipura virus (Vesiculovirus: Rhabdoviridae) from Sergentomyia species of sandflies from Nagpur, Maharashtra, India - PMC (nih.gov)

• What is the Chandipura virus? | Explained - The Hindu

• Bhu Research On Chandipura Virus Spells Hope For Diagnosis | Varanasi News - Times of India (indiatimes.com)

• Chandipura Virus: An emerging tropical pathogen - ScienceDirect

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