Human Papillomavirus: Causes Symptoms, Tests And Treatments

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus that can cause sexually transmitted infection (STI) and affect different parts of your body just through skin-to-skin contact. For the very same reason, many people cringe at the thought of STIs, but the majority of genital HPV strains are harmless. There are over 100 types of HPV, including strains of human papillomavirus that cause warts on your hands, feet, face, and other areas, which cause no harm to you. But about 30 HPV strains can affect your genitals, including your vulva, vagina, cervix, penis and scrotum, as well as your rectum and anus.

While some HPV strains are relatively benign, causing conditions such as genital warts, others are categorised as "high risk" due to their potential to progress into severe conditions like human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Treatment and early discovery can stop this from occurring. This is why understanding the causes, human papillomavirus symptoms, and diagnostic tests are essential to detect it early. 

In this blog, we will not only shed light upon HPV and its causes but also explore human papillomavirus infection treatment options and the effectiveness of vaccines against HPV, which is crucial in managing and preventing its adverse effects on health.

Table Of Contents

1. What Causes Human Papillomavirus?

2. Symptoms Of Human Papillomavirus Infection

3. 4 Tests For Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

4. 7 Best Treatment For Human Papillomavirus

5. Is HPV Vaccine Effective?

6. Dietitian’s Recommendation 

7. The Final Say

8. FAQs

9. References 

What Causes Human Papillomavirus?

Being a prevalent group of viruses which infects your skin and mucous membranes, HPV has various strains, some of which can lead to conditions like genital warts and pose a higher risk of developing cancers. This is why understanding the diverse routes of HPV transmission is essential for developing comprehensive prevention strategies and fostering public awareness. Let's explore the major causes of human papillomavirus to understand it:

1. Vertical Transmission

During childbirth, the baby can come into contact with the virus in the birth canal, leading to respiratory or genital tract infections. The risk is higher if the mother has active genital warts or a high-risk HPV infection. Plus, there's a possibility of HPV transmission through breastfeeding if the virus is present in the mother's breast milk or on the skin around the nipples.

2. Autoinoculation

Individuals can inadvertently spread the virus from one part of their body to another through touching or scratching, especially in areas with cuts or breaks in the skin. This highlights how crucial maintaining proper personal hygiene is. HPV can also be transferred between different mucosal surfaces of the body, such as from the genitals to the mouth, through self-inoculation.

3. Fomites And Surfaces

The virus is not highly stable outside the human body, but theoretically, it could be transmitted through shared personal items like razors or grooming tools. However, the risk is considered low, and maintaining proper hygiene can minimise this potential transmission mode. Although uncommon, HPV could potentially survive on surfaces for a brief period, leading to transmission through environmental contamination in settings like communal showers or shared equipment in gyms.

4. Healthcare Settings

While rare, improper sterilisation of medical instruments or inadequate infection control measures during mucosal contact procedures can pose a risk. Healthcare professionals follow strict protocols to minimise the potential transmission of HPV in medical settings. Also, specific invasive medical procedures, such as surgeries or biopsies, carry a small risk of HPV transmission if proper sterilisation techniques are not followed meticulously.

5. Immune System Status

People with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV or undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, are at a higher risk of persistent HPV infections. This susceptibility underscores the importance of monitoring and managing immune health. Immunosuppressed individuals may experience prolonged periods of viral shedding, increasing the risk of transmission. Regular medical follow-ups and adherence to prescribed treatments are crucial in managing HPV in this population.

6. Virus Variability

Certain HPV strains are more contagious than others. For example, high-risk strains like HPV-16 and HPV-18 are associated with a higher risk of cervical cancer. Understanding the risks associated with different strains is vital for targeted prevention efforts. These variations in the host genetics can also influence the likelihood of transmitting or acquiring specific HPV strains. This is why further research into genetic factors will eventually provide valuable insights for personalised prevention approaches.

Also Read: Nipah Virus Infection (NiV): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Prevention And Treatment 

7. Behavioral Factors

Engaging in high-risk sexual behaviours, such as having multiple sexual partners or practising unprotected sex, increases the risk of HPV transmission. Consistent and correct condom use, along with open communication about sexual history, can significantly reduce the risk of infection. Also, substance use, including alcohol and drugs, may contribute to risky sexual behaviours, further increasing the risk of HPV transmission. Integrating substance use prevention into sexual health education can address these interconnected risk factors.

Symptoms Of Human Papillomavirus Infection

It varies depending on the specific strain and location of the HPV infection on your skin. However, HPV infections affecting the genitals often do not cause noticeable symptoms, one of which is genital warts:

• These are the most common signs of HPV infection in the genital area.

• Genital warts appear as rough, cauliflower-like lumps on the skin.

• These warts may develop weeks, months, or even years after the initial HPV infection.

• Genital warts are contagious but generally harmless.

Also note that high-risk forms of HPV, which cause an increase in the risk of cancer, may not produce symptoms until the infection progresses. The most common HPV-related cancer is cervical cancer, but other types of cancers through HPV include

• Anal Cancer- HPV infection can lead to abnormal cell growth in the tissues of the anus, potentially progressing to anal cancer.

• Penile Cancer:- HPV infection in the genital area of males can contribute to the development of penile cancer, although it is less common than cervical cancer.

• Throat Cancer- HPV infection in the throat, particularly in the oropharynx (the part of the throat at the back of the mouth), can lead to throat cancer, including cancers of the tonsils and base of the tongue.

• Vaginal Cancer- In females, HPV infection can cause changes in the cells of the vagina, potentially leading to the development of vaginal cancer.

• Vulvar Cancer- HPV infection affecting the vulva the external female genital organs, can increase the risk of developing vulvar cancer.

It's important to note that the presence of HPV, even high-risk strains, does not guarantee the development of these cancers. However, getting regular screenings, vaccinations, and early detection helps manage HPV health risks to an extent.

Also Read: Cervical Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Stages, Diagnosis, Prevention And Treatment 

4 Tests For Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Note these effective HPV Tests to detect any risk early:

Also Read: JN 1 COVID Variant: Symptoms, Detection, Precautions And Treatments 

7 Best Treatments for Human Papillomavirus

Let’s explore human papillomavirus treatment procedures which vary with types of HPVs:

1. Cryosurgery

In this, the liquid nitrogen is applied directly to the affected area using a special device or applicator.

• Procedure: Cryosurgery involves using liquid nitrogen to freeze and destroy warts or abnormal cells.

• Purpose: Freezing the tissue causes it to die, eventually falling off, eliminating the wart or abnormal cells.

• Considerations: Cryosurgery may cause mild discomfort or a burning sensation during the procedure, and patients may experience temporary redness, swelling, or blistering at the treatment site.

2. Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP)

During its application, the loop is guided by a specialised instrument called a colposcope, which allows for the precise removal of affected cells.

• Procedure: LEEP utilises a thin wire loop that carries an electrical current to remove abnormal tissue from the cervix.

• Purpose: LEEP is effective in removing abnormal cervical cells, preventing further progression to cervical cancer.

• Considerations: LEEP is typically performed under local anaesthesia and may result in minor side effects such as cramping, spotting, or mild discomfort.

3. Electrocautery

Its application includes A small probe or needle that delivers the electrical current to the wart, causing it to burn and eventually slough off.

• Procedure: Electrocautery involves the application of heat generated by an electrical current to burn off warts.

• Purpose: Electrocautery destroys the wart tissue, removing it without significant scarring.

• Considerations: Patients may experience mild discomfort or a burning sensation during the procedure, and temporary redness or scabbing may occur at the treatment site.

4. Laser Therapy

The laser energy is directed precisely at the affected tissue, vaporising it without damaging surrounding healthy tissue.

• Procedure: Laser therapy uses a focused light beam to target and destroy warts or abnormal cells.

• Purpose: Laser therapy offers highly accurate and minimally invasive guidelines for removing warts or abnormal cells.

• Considerations: Laser therapy may require multiple treatment sessions, and patients may experience minor side effects such as temporary redness, swelling, or discomfort.

5. Cold Knife Cone Biopsy

Its applications include a surgical scalpel or knife is used to excise the targeted tissue, which is then sent to a laboratory for further examination.

• Procedure: Conization involves the surgical removal of a cone-shaped piece of cervical tissue containing abnormal cells.

• Purpose: Conization allows for the removal of a larger tissue sample, facilitating accurate diagnosis and treatment of abnormal cervical cells.

• Considerations: Conization is performed under general or local anaesthesia and may be associated with risks such as bleeding, infection, or changes in cervical structure.

6. Prescription Creams

These medicated creams are applied directly to warts, typically as a healthcare professional directs.

• Types: Imiquimod (Aldara®), podofilox (Condylox®).

• Purpose: Prescription creams stimulate the body's immune response to target and destroy warts, promoting their clearance.

• Considerations: Patients may experience local skin reactions such as redness, itching, or irritation at the application site, and treatment duration may vary depending on the severity of the warts.

7. Trichloroacetic Acid (TCA)

It is a chemical treatment applied to warts to induce controlled chemical burning and subsequent removal.

• Procedure- The solution is carefully applied to the wart using a specialised applicator or swab.

• Purpose- TCA destroys the wart tissue through chemical cauterisation, leading to its eventual sloughing off.

• Considerations- TCA should be used cautiously to avoid contact with healthy skin, and patients may experience mild discomfort or a burning sensation during application. Temporary redness or irritation may occur at the treatment site.

In addition, it's important to note that HPV cannot be completely eradicated from the body, and recurrence of warts or abnormal cells is possible. Regular follow-up appointments with a healthcare provider are recommended to monitor for any signs of recurrence or progression.

Is HPV Vaccine Effective?

Indeed, the HPV vaccine is highly effective in preventing certain strains of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and its health issues. It is recommended for preteens at 11 or 12, with vaccination starting as early as 9. The vaccine is effective up to age 26, but adults up to age 45 may choose vaccination after consulting with their healthcare provider about their risk factors.

Remember that HPV Vaccination is most effective when done before sexual activity begins, and those in long-term, mutually monogamous relationships may have a lower risk. Healthcare providers play a crucial role in guiding individuals on the appropriateness of vaccination based on their unique circumstances.

Dietitian’s Recommendation 

Focus on a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats to help combat inflammation and support immune function. Incorporate foods high in antioxidants, such as berries, citrus fruits, and leafy greens, stay hydrated, limit processed foods, and avoid smoking to optimise overall health and immune response. For individuals with HPV, maintaining a healthy diet is crucial to support the immune system's ability to fight off the virus. 

                                                                            Dt. Akshata Gandevikar

The Final Say

This is how prioritising early detection through regular Pap smears is crucial for preventing cervical cancer. Starting screenings at age 21 and following personalised schedules based on results up to age 65 are essential steps. Consult with your healthcare provider to determine the most fitting screening plan for your circumstances, ensuring proactive management of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and safeguarding your reproductive health.

Also, remember that maintaining open communication with your doctor allows for making informed decisions regarding your HPV testing and screenings. With this, regular check-ups and adherence to recommended schedules contribute significantly to the wellness of your reproductive health. So stay proactive and prioritise your health!

FAQs

1. Is HPV curable?

No, there isn't a cure for HPV. However, the immune system effectively clears the virus in about 90% of cases within a year or two.

2. How do you get human papillomavirus (HPV)?

Genital HPV spreads through skin-to-skin contact during intercourse, oral sex, and anal sex. Infection can occur if your genitals come into contact with an infected partner's genitals. Hand-to-genital contact, such as fingering and handjobs, is also a possible but less likely mode of transmission.

3. Does HPV ever go away?

The majority of HPV instances (9 out of 10) resolve on their own without causing any health issues within two years. However, persistent infections can lead to issues like genital warts and cancer. Genital warts, appearing as small bumps in the genital area, can be diagnosed by a healthcare provider through visual examination.

4. Can I live a normal life with HPV?

Yes, it's possible to live a normal life with HPV. Most infections resolve independently, and regular screenings can help manage any potential health issues.

5. Is HPV sexually transmitted?

Yes, HPV is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that can be transmitted through various sexual activities.

6. What causes HPV in females?

HPV in females is primarily caused by skin-to-skin contact during sexual activities. Infections can occur when genitals, including the vulva, vagina, cervix, and anus, come into contact with an infected partner's corresponding body parts. Regular screenings are crucial for early detection and management.

References

• HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

• STD Facts - Human papillomavirus (HPV).

• HPV Infection | Human Papillomavirus (HPV) | CDC

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