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Is Mpox Outbreak The New Pandemic? Know Its Symptoms, Complications And Treatment Options

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Anvesha Chowdhury

Published on: 24 Aug 2024

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Is Mpox the new global pandemic? Mpox, previously referred to as monkeypox, has become a growing concern with recent outbreaks across the globe. It started with spreading over West, Central, and East Africa, but recent reports have shown that certain cases have been detected in Pakistan and Thailand, two countries closer to India. This creates a growing concern in our country, too. The infectious illness was initially limited to certain areas, but it has attracted worldwide interest due to a sudden increase in cases.

The virus known as monkeypox virus has been classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a public health emergency, or PHEIC, the highest level of warning. As a result, India is on high alert. So, let's dive into this blog, which can help you understand the historical aspect of Mpox, its symptoms, the current situation in India, its severity, and the treatment options available.

1. Current Mpox Outbreak In India
2. The History Of Mpox

3. What Are The Common Symptoms Of Mpox?

4. Severity And Complications Related To Mpox

5. Is There A Treatment For Mpox?

6. Expert’s Advice

7. The Final Say

Current Mpox Outbreak In India

Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is now a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). This choice comes after a significant rise in incidents, particularly in Africa. Indian health officials state that the likelihood of a major Mpox epidemic occurring in the country was very minimal, but the sudden arrival of this virus in our neighbouring countries like Pakistan and Thailand has brought on a growing concern.

The most recent Mpox case in India originated in Kerala and was documented in March 2024. 30 cases have been found in India since 2022; the final case was found in March 2024. With the virus coming to Pakistan and Thailand, the Ministry of Health remains dedicated to improving surveillance and ensuring healthcare providers are knowledgeable about Mpox symptoms and protocols.

India is taking preventative actions in light of the WHO's announcement and the worldwide increase in Mpox instances. The health ministry is considering issuing alerts for heightened monitoring at international points of entry like airports and seaports in the near future. These advisories will direct these areas to handle suspected Mpox cases based on current protocols involving isolation and treatment recommendations.

Also Read: Protect Your Health: Let's Learn How To Prevent Communicable And Non-Communicable Diseases

The History Of Mpox

Mpox was initially recognised in 1958 during instances of outbreaks in research colonies of monkeys, leading to its moniker "monkeypox." Nevertheless, it was not until 1970 that the initial human case was documented in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The illness was mostly limited to Central and West African countries, with some occasional cases occurring in other places, usually connected to travel or bringing in animals.

Mpox is caused by the monkeypox virus, which belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus, which also has the variola virus (which causes smallpox) and vaccinia virus (the source of smallpox vaccine). Scientists are concerned about the similarities between Mpox and smallpox, especially since the eradication of smallpox in 1980 resulted in decreased cross-protective immunity due to the discontinuation of widespread smallpox vaccination.

What Are The Common Symptoms Of Mpox?

Mpox is a contagious virus that can spread from person to person. Here are the commonly appearing symptoms of Mpox:

1. Fever

Mpox typically starts with a sudden onset of fever. This is how your body naturally responds to combat the virus. The high fever can often be an early indication that something is amiss. It may endure for a couple of days and be followed by chills, causing you to feel chilly and shivery.

2. Headache

In addition to the fever, many individuals suffer from a powerful headache and migraines. This sensation may resemble a pulsating ache in your head, causing difficulty focusing or completing everyday activities. The headache may persist and worsen with movement or exposure to bright light.

3. Muscle Aches

Individuals with Mpox frequently experience muscle pains. You may experience discomfort or pain in various body areas, particularly in your back, arms, and legs. This symptom can cause fatigue and weakness, resembling the muscle pains associated with the flu.

4. Swollen Lymph Nodes

Enlarged lymph nodes are a specific indication of Mpox. These glands are small in size and can swell and become sensitive when touched. They are located in the neck, armpits, or groin. Enlarged lymph nodes indicate that your immune system is actively battling the infection.

5. Fatigue

Experiencing extreme exhaustion or fatigue is another indication of Mpox. This fatigue surpasses simply being tired, a profound weariness that persists despite resting. This type of chronic fatigue can impede the completion of daily tasks and continue throughout the illness.

6. Rash

The Mpox rash is a crucial indication. It begins as tiny, flat areas that slowly become raised lumps and then fill with fluid blisters. The rash typically starts on the face and then extends to other body areas, such as the hands, feet, and chest. These blisters will eventually form scabs and then recover.

7. Lesions

As the rash advances, the blisters transform into lesions, which are painful sores on the skin. These injuries may spread over a large area and require several weeks to heal fully. Once they have dried up and fallen off, scars or marks can be left on the skin.

Also Read: Nipah Virus Infection (NiV): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Prevention And Treatment

Severity And Complications Related To Mpox

Mpox is generally less severe than smallpox, but it can still lead to significant morbidity, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems, pregnant women, and young children. Complications of Mpox may include:

Secondary Bacterial Infections	Bacteria can infect the skin lesions, causing abscesses, cellulitis, or sepsis to develop.
Pneumonia	It can develop as a respiratory complication in some instances of viral infection.
Encephalitis	While uncommon, Mpox can cause brain inflammation, leading to neurological issues like seizures, confusion, or coma.
Eye-related issues	The virus can also impact the eyes, causing problems like pink eye, corneal ulcers, or potential vision loss if not addressed quickly.

Historically, the mortality rate for Mpox has varied from 1% to 10%, with the most elevated rates seen in children and those with weakened immune systems.

Is There A Treatment For Mpox?

Mpox treatment mainly aims to alleviate symptoms and prevent further complications since there is no known cure for the virus. The typical duration of the sickness is usually 2 to 4 weeks, and most individuals recuperate without requiring specialised medical attention. The treatment options available are:

1. Symptom Relief

Common pain relievers that can be bought without a prescription, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, can help lower fevers, alleviate headaches, and relieve muscle pains. To aid the body's recovery, take home remedies for fever, rest well, and stay well-hydrated.

2. Vaccination

The JYNNEOS vaccine is the primary prevention tool against Mpox. Getting both doses provides the best protection, with the second dose given 4 weeks after the first. Experts emphasise the importance of completing the full vaccination series for optimal immunity.

3. Antiviral Medication

Tecovirimat is recommended if there is severe disease progression. Other antivirals are still in clinical trials. Trifluridine, Cidofovir and Brincidofovir have also shown effectiveness in symptom management to some degree.

4. Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG)

Vaccinia Immune Globulin is a preparation of antibodies derived from the plasma of individuals vaccinated against smallpox. It may be considered for severe mpox cases, although there is minimal data on its effectiveness. VIG is mainly preferred for other indications like post-vaccine complications.

Also Read: Zika Virus 2024 Update: 10 Prominent Zika Virus Symptoms And Prevention Methods To Keep You Safe

Expert’s Advice

Mpox is a highly contagious viral infection that can cause severe complications if prevention and treatments are not properly followed.

Always maintain good hygiene if you are in an endemic region or travelling there. Washing your hands often with soap and water or using an alcohol-based hand sanitiser is one of the best ways to protect yourself and others from Mpox.

A diet full of nutrients is essential for supporting the immune system and aiding recovery for Mpox patients during the recovery process. Pay attention to consuming a mix of fruits and veggies that offer essential vitamins such as C and A, recognised for enhancing the immune system. Add low-fat proteins like poultry, seafood, and beans to aid in the healing of body tissues.

Health Expert
Akshata Gandevikar

The Final Say

The Mpox outbreak has been declared a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) due to the pandemic potential of this contagious virus. In India, isolation and monitoring are the best options if you are travelling from regions with outbreaks and suspected cases. Stay updated on the national health portal on antivirals, treatments, and vaccinations. Immediately consult a doctor if you are experiencing symptoms such as fever, rash, and body pains after returning from abroad.

Through comprehending Mpox and implementing preventative measures, we can minimise its effects and safeguard our communities.

FAQs

1. How many cases of Mpox are there in India?

Since the 2022 proclamation, 30 Mpox cases have been found in India; the most recent incidence was recorded in March 2024.

2. What is the monkeypox outbreak?

Mpox is a zoonotic illness, which implies it can pass from animals to humans. Rodents, most commonly found in Central and West Africa, are thought to be the primary animal reservoirs. Direct contact with infected individuals' blood, bodily fluids, or skin/mucous membrane lesions can lead to human-to-human transmission.

Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is now a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC).

3. Is Mpox spreading?

Yes, it started with spreading over West, Central, and East Africa, but recent reports have shown that some instances have been detected in Pakistan and Thailand, two countries closer to India. This creates a growing concern in our country, too.

References

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