Zika Virus 2024 Update: 10 Prominent Zika Virus Symptoms And Prevention Methods To Keep You Safe

Recently, Zika virus disease cases have been on the rise, with an outbreak in Maharastra leaving almost 13 new cases, among which are pregnant women. The onset of monsoon season, creating ideal breeding grounds for mosquitoes, has further raised concerns. 

Zika virus was first discovered in the Zika Forest of Uganda in 1947 and has since become a global health problem. This mosquito-borne disease is transmitted by infected Aedes mosquitoes, specifically Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Zika virus has been reported worldwide, including in Africa, the Americas, Asia, and the Pacific. 

Zika virus poses a significant risk, especially high for pregnant women and their unborn children. The connection between the virus and severe birth defects emphasises that now more than ever, there needs to be increased awareness about Zika along with preventative actions taken. The monsoon season is in full swing, providing suitable conditions for a potential Zika outbreak to occur soon in other regions in India. 

In this blog, we will explore the virology of Zika virus, look into prominent Zika virus symptoms and share preventive measures to keep you safe this season. Keep reading to find more information on the topic. 

Table Of Contents 

1. What Is Zika Virus And Zika Virus Disease?

2. 10 Prominent Zika Virus Symptoms To Recognise 

3. Zika Virus In India 2024 Update 

4. Precautions And Prevention Of Zika Virus Disease

5. Expert’s Advice 

6. The Final Say

7. FAQs

8. References 

What Is Zika Virus And Zika Virus Disease?

Zika virus (ZIKV) is from the Flaviviridae family and Flavivirus genus, which makes it similar to viruses like dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis and West Nile. It mainly spreads through Aedes mosquitoes that are active during the day. 

Zika virus has a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome. It is similar to other flaviviruses in that it is enveloped and icosahedral. The history of the Zika virus was confined within a narrow equatorial belt stretching from Africa to Asia, but from 2007 until 2016, it spread eastward across the Pacific Ocean into the Americas, resulting in the 2015–2016 epidemic.

Zika fever, also known as Zika virus disease, usually shows mild symptoms like a light form of dengue fever. These include fever, rash on the skin, joint pain, and redness of the eyes (conjunctivitis). There is no particular treatment for it, but taking paracetamol (also called acetaminophen) and rest may help to reduce symptoms. 

As of April 2024, there are no officially approved vaccines for Zika virus disease yet, but some are being tested in clinical trials. Zika virus poses significant risks to pregnant women, as it can be transmitted to the fetus, potentially causing microcephaly, severe brain malformations, and other birth defects. In rare cases, Zika infections in adults can lead to Guillain–Barré syndrome, a serious neurological condition.

Also Read: How To Prevent Dengue After Mosquito Bite? Expert Guided Insights To Stay Protected! 

10 Prominent Zika Virus Symptoms To Recognise 

According to WHO, NIV and ICMR, here are 10 prominent Zika virus symptoms to be vigilant about: 

1. Fever

Fever is a common symptom of the Zika virus and is usually mild and rarely rises above 102°F (38.9°C). The immune system of the infected person causes a rise in body temperature to help combat the disease. Usually, this fever can last for some days and be conjoined with other signs like chills or tiredness. In contrast to other diseases carried by mosquitoes, like dengue fever or chikungunya, Zika's effect of causing a fever is often not severe, making it hard to separate from the usual cold or sickness.

2. Maculopapular Rash

Typically, the Zika virus shows a maculopapular rash. This kind of rash involves red spots called maculae and small bumps raised (papules). It may itch and usually starts on the face before spreading to other areas like the buttocks or sides. The rash comes from the body's immune system reacting to the virus, which leads to skin inflammation. It typically endures for several days up to a week and might be an initial symptom of sickness.

3. Joint Pain (Arthralgia)

Arthritis, or inflammation of the joints, is a normal characteristic of the Zika virus. It typically affects small joints in the hands and feet. Painful arthritis happens when immune system activity leads to joint inflammation, causing pain that can be mild to severe and hindering usual everyday tasks. At times, the joints may also become swollen. Typically, joint pain eases off in a week or so, but occasionally, it persists for more than that.

4. Muscle Pain (Myalgia)

Pain in the muscles, known as myalgia, is one more indication of the Zika virus. This illness causes the body's immune system to be inflamed and leads to pain or uneasiness. The hurting can be all over and may touch multiple sets of muscles in your body. Muscle pain can impair movement, causing complete weakness when physical activities are attempted. Normally, muscle pain disappears within a week, but in certain circumstances, it lasts for more than that period.

5. Headache

Headaches are a common symptom in people infected with the Zika virus. Headaches are usually dull and persistent and are often accompanied by other symptoms such as fever and eye pain. 

They are often like cluster headaches and are believed to be caused by the body's immune system attacking the virus, causing pain in the brain and surrounding tissues. Headaches can interfere with daily activities and may require treatment with over-the-counter painkillers. They usually improve when the disease resolves.

6. Conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis, or red eyes, are symptoms of the Zika virus. Unlike pus-producing conjunctivitis, Zika-related infections are not suppurative. These show up as redness in the eyes, itchiness, and a burning feeling. The reason is that the infection makes the conjunctiva, which is a thin layer covering the white area of your eye and the inside part of your eyelid, get inflamed. Conjunctivitis normally gets better in some days, and it doesn't lead to lasting harm to the eye.

7. Fatigue

Fatigue is a common and often disabling symptom of the Zika virus. It's the body's energy- and resource-consuming effort to fight the disease. Fatigue can be worsened by other symptoms, such as fever, muscle aches, and headaches. Continued tiredness can disrupt daily activities and continue for a period of days or weeks. Proper rest and increased fluid intake are necessary to handle fatigue and assist in recuperation from the illness.

8. Back Pain

While often overlooked, back pain can be a telltale sign of Zika virus infection. This discomfort, often felt in the lower back, can be persistent and bothersome. It's essential to remain vigilant and seek medical attention if you experience back pain in conjunction with other Zika symptoms.

9. Nausea and Vomiting

Nausea and vomiting may occur with the Zika virus, which can be caused by the effects of the virus on the gastrointestinal tract. The immune system's immune response can cause inflammation in the stomach and intestines, causing these symptoms. Nausea and vomiting can cause dehydration, so fluid intake is important. These symptoms usually go away within a few days but can be treated with anti-nausea medications if necessary.

10. Swollen Hands and Feet

The Zika virus can cause swelling (called oedema) in the hands and feet. This swelling is caused by inflammation in the body's immune system, which responds to viruses, causing fluid to build up in the tissues. The swelling can cause discomfort and limit movement, making daily activities difficult. Elevating the leg and using a cooling device can help reduce swelling. The swelling usually subsides when the immune system weakens and the infection clears.

Also Read: Nipah Virus Infection (NiV): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Prevention And Treatment 

Zika Virus In India 2024 Update 

As of July 22, 2024, there have been 13 reported cases of Zika virus infection in India this year. The cases were reported in Karnataka (3) and Maharashtra (10).

In comparison, India saw 23 Zika cases in 2023, 2 cases in 2022, and 234 cases in 2021. In 2018, there were 261 reported cases nationwide.

The Government of India has made an 'Action Plan for managing Zika Virus Disease' that instructs public health actions to be taken if there is an outbreak. The government has also sent technical guidelines about Integrated Vector Management and community participation to states.

States receive budgetary support for preventive measures such as deploying domestic breeding checkers, ASHA workers, insecticides, and awareness campaigns under the National Health Mission.

The National Centre for Disease Control runs the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) which keeps track of more than 33 outbreak-prone communicable diseases, including Zika virus. Every state has assigned laboratories to investigate and monitor these illnesses.

In Gujarat, AIIMS Rajkot has been declared a centre for Zika virus screening. Samples will no longer have to be sent to Pune, and results can be obtained within 24 hours of sample collection.

Transmission Of Zika Virus

Here are the potential ways Zika virus can be transmitted: 

• As already mentioned, Zika is primarily transmitted when an infected Aedes mosquito bites a person. 

• Zika virus can pass from the mother to her child while she is pregnant. If a woman gets infected with Zika during her pregnancy, it may lead to severe birth defects in the baby, such as microcephaly.

• The virus can be sexually transmitted from an infected person to their partners. The timeframe for sexual transmission differs for biological males (at least 3 months) and females (at least 2 months).

• Zika can be transmitted through blood transfusions and organ transplantation, though this is less common.

Also Read: Chandipura Virus Infection: Know 7 Symptoms, Causes & Prevention Tips! 

Precautions And Prevention Of Zika Virus Disease

After being updated about the Zika virus 2024 outbreak and the symptoms, let’s have a look at potential precaution and prevention methods: 

1. Use Insect Repellent

Use insect repellents with DEET, picaridin, or other EPA-approved ingredients on skin and clothing that is exposed. Apply again as instructed, especially following sweating or swimming.

2. Wear Protective Clothing

Put on long-sleeved shirts and pants that cover your legs to limit how much skin is exposed. Opt for light-coloured attire since dark colours attract mosquitoes.

3. Stay in Screened or Air-Conditioned Areas

Utilise screens on windows and doors to prevent mosquitoes from entering. Try to rest in rooms with air conditioning whenever you can.

4. Use Bed Nets

Make sure to rest beneath a mosquito net, particularly in regions with high mosquito activity. Make sure the nets are in good condition and securely positioned under the mattresses.

5. Eliminate Standing Water

Regularly maintain and cleanse receptacles that gather water, like planters, pails, and bird baths. Get rid of or conceal objects that are capable of collecting water, like tyres, cans, and empty pools.

6. Be Updated About Vaccination 

While there is no currently approved vaccine for Zika virus infection, many are in Phase III clinical trials and will probably be approved soon. It’s important to be updated about these vaccine candidates, especially for people who are in endemic areas. 

7. Use Mosquito Nets for Infants

Consistently clean and empty containers that collect water, such as flower pots, buckets, and birdbaths. Eliminate or hide items that can gather water, such as tyres, cans, and empty pools.

8. Travel Precautions

Refrain from going to regions with ongoing Zika virus spread, especially if you are pregnant or trying to conceive. Abide by local health guidelines and recommendations if it is essential to travel to affected areas.

9. Practice Safe Sex

Use condoms or avoid sexual activity, especially when a partner has visited or resides in a region with Zika virus. Keep practising safe sex for a minimum of 6 months following possible exposure to avoid spreading sexually transmitted infections.

10. Consult Health Professionals

Pregnant women or women who are considering pregnancy should consult a healthcare professional before travelling to regions affected by the Zika virus. Obey the instructions given by health authorities on vaccines, medications, and preventive actions.

11. Take Part In Community Efforts

Take part in community clean-up activities to decrease the number of places where mosquitoes can breed. Back local programs for controlling mosquitoes and notify authorities about breeding sites of mosquitoes.

Also Read: What Is Mumps Virus? Know 8 Symptoms, Causes And Treatment Methods! 

Expert’s Advice 

As a health expert, focus on boosting your immune system to help protect against the Zika virus. Have a good supply of vitamins and minerals before you eat. To strengthen the immune system, eat more fruits and vegetables, particularly those high in zinc and vitamin C, such as nuts and seeds, oranges and bell peppers. Drink lots of water and herbal teas to stay hydrated. To improve gut health, think about consuming probiotics from foods like yoghurt or kefir.

Health Expert
Akshata Gandevikar

The Final Say

To wrap up this article, Zika virus disease remains a public health concern in India, with 13 reported cases in 2024, primarily in Karnataka and Maharashtra.  It's very important to know about symptoms like fever, rash and joint pain because it helps detect the virus early on and deal with it properly. 

Preventing mosquito bite tehrough control methods and practicing safe sex are very important things that must be done to reducse transmission of this illness.  The government's proactive approach, including the implementation of an 'Action Plan for managing Zika Virus Disease,' aims to strengthen surveillance and community participation. Staying informed and vigilant will help protect individuals and communities from the impact of this virus.

FAQs

1. What happens if you get the Zika virus?

If you contract the Zika virus, you may experience mild symptoms such as fever, rash, joint pain, red eyes, and headache or no symptoms at all. Serious issues may involve Guillain-Barré Syndrome and, for expectant mothers, birth abnormalities such as microcephaly in infants. Symptoms usually improve within a week, but it is crucial to provide monitoring and supportive care.

2. What are the 5 main symptoms of Zika?

The five main symptoms of the Zika virus are:

• Mild fever

• Maculopapular rash

• Joint pain (arthralgia)

• Red eyes (conjunctivitis)

• Headache

These symptoms typically appear within a few days to a week after being bitten by an infected mosquito.

3. Do I need to worry about Zika?

If you live in or travel to areas with active transmission of Zika, especially if you're pregnant or planning to get pregnant, be concerned, as it can lead to serious birth defects. Taking steps to avoid mosquito bites and practising safe sex are essential preventative measures. While the majority of individuals face mild symptoms, some may encounter serious complications.

4. Is Zika contagious from person to person?

Zika does not usually spread from one person to another through casual contact. Nevertheless, it can spread through sexual intercourse, blood donations, and from a mother to her unborn baby. Utilising preventive actions such as condom use and screening blood donations can decrease the likelihood of transmission via these methods.

References 

• https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/zika-virus-in-india-causes-precautions-symptoms-treatment-9431820/

• https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/zika-virus-disease-india

• https://www.google.com/aclk?sa=l&ai=DChcSEwjT-q-jh86HAxXQgUsFHU9lF4sYABAAGgJzZg&co=1&ase=2&gclid=Cj0KCQjw-5y1BhC-ARIsAAM_oKmsTzT-APpfXkILLFlNx_NyFqmKH2ZKXvInPsBld0ipfAOBDLvDLOYaAkbxEALw_wcB&sig=AOD64_2zjrsRWqnV0ueb6Tghs6OD6UzcQA&q&nis=4&adurl&ved=2ahUKEwjexaujh86HAxWyUGcHHc88HI0Q0Qx6BAgIEAE

• https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16077-zika-virus

• https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/zika

• https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/9-test-positive-for-zika-virus-in-pune-district-tally-stands-at-48-101722184965700.html

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