HMPV Virus: Symptoms, Causes And Its Impact In India

Another virus? Another lockdown? Scarry, right? The news is enough to make anyone uneasy! The Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) is making headlines globally, sparking that wistful fear (and a little nostalgia) of the COVID-19 pandemic. As cases surge, particularly among children in northern China, many are understandably anxious about a repeat of the chaos of lockdowns and restrictions we experienced just a few years ago.

While this recent outbreak has us worried, did you know that it was first observed in 2001? Yes, the virus has been around for more than 2 decades. HMPV is part of the Pneumoviridae family and is closely related to avian metapneumovirus. New to the news but not to discovery, research says this is a common virus that frequently leads to respiratory issues, varying from mild cold symptoms to serious complications, especially in at-risk groups.

As of January 8, 2025, hMPV has made its presence felt in India, with several confirmed cases reported across various states. With respiratory droplets being the primary transmission mode, hMPV is highly contagious, particularly in crowded settings, much like the coronavirus. This makes raising awareness about the virus and its symptoms crucial, as early detection and appropriate treatment can significantly reduce complications. Understanding hMPV is more important than ever; read on to learn about its symptoms, its implications for public health in India, and what you need to know to stay informed.

Table Of Contents

1. What Is The HMPV Virus?

2. Who Might Get Infected With Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)?

3. Symptoms Of HMPV Virus

4. What Are The Causes Of HMPV Virus? Modes of Transmission

5. HMPV Virus In India

6. Expert’s Advice

7. The Final Say

8. FAQs

9. References

What Is The HMPV Virus?

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus classified within the Metapneumovirus genus of the Pneumoviridae family (same as the Mumps Virus family), first identified in 2001 in children with acute respiratory illnesses.

It sounds like a pandemic already, isn’t it? With the recent outbreak in China and the pictures surfacing on the internet, it is observed that it is common in people of all ages, though young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals are particularly more vulnerable. 

HMPV primarily spreads through respiratory droplets and direct contact with contaminated surfaces, infecting the upper and lower respiratory tract. I guess it's time to mask up. That would be the most effective preventive measure, to begin with and maintain a safe distance from people sneezing and coughing and wear a mask at your end to be safe.

The virus exhibits significant genetic diversity, with two main genotypes (A and B) and various subtypes co-circulating globally, complicating diagnosis and treatment. While no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine for HMPV exists as yet, supportive care and preventive measures, like hand hygiene and respiratory etiquette, are essential in managing its impact.

Also Read: Get Latest Information On Zika Virus Spread In India: Causes, Symptoms & Prevention Methods 

Who Might Get Infected With Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)?

HMPV is a contagious virus, with infections reported in all age groups and geographic regions. It is estimated that nearly all individuals are exposed to HMPV by the age of five. The virus circulates primarily during late winter and early spring, coinciding with the seasonality of other respiratory viruses such as RSV and influenza.

The burden of HMPV is significant among specific populations, including:

• Young Children: HMPV is a leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children under five.

• Elderly Adults: Ageing-related immune decline makes older adults susceptible to severe HMPV infections.

• Immunocompromised Individuals: Patients undergoing chemotherapy, organ transplantation, or those with chronic illnesses are at higher risk for severe disease.

  
  

Also Read: Chandipura Virus Infection: Know 7 Symptoms, Causes & Prevention Tips! 

5 Types Of Symptoms Of HMPV Virus

The symptoms of Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) infections can vary from mild to severe, depending on factors like age, immune status, and overall health. Here's a detailed breakdown:

1. Common Symptoms

In most cases, HMPV causes respiratory symptoms that resemble a common cold, including:

• Fever: Often mild but can be more pronounced in severe cases.

• Cough: Persistent and can range from dry to productive.

• Nasal Congestion: Often accompanied by a runny nose.

• Sore Throat: Due to upper respiratory tract inflammation. (Check out this article to learn the difference between sore throat vs tonsillitis vs strep throat)

• Fatigue: General feelings of tiredness or weakness.

2. Moderate To Severe Symptoms

In some cases, particularly in young children, the elderly, or immunocompromised individuals, HMPV can cause more severe respiratory illnesses, including:

• Shortness Of Breath: Difficulty breathing, especially during exertion.

• Wheezing: A whistling sound while breathing, indicative of airway inflammation.

• Chest Tightness: Associated with inflammation and congestion in the lower respiratory tract.

• Decreased Appetite: Often seen in young children due to general malaise.

3. Severe Complications

In high-risk groups, HMPV can lead to serious conditions such as:

• Bronchiolitis: Inflammation of the small airways (common in infants and toddlers).

• Pneumonia: Infection of the lungs, often requiring medical intervention.

• Asthma Exacerbation: Worsening of pre-existing asthma symptoms.

• Respiratory Failure: Rare but life-threatening, requiring hospitalisation and supportive care such as oxygen therapy.

4. Severe Symptoms In High-Risk Groups 

The following are the high-risk groups that may face severe symptoms leading to the HPMV virus:

• Infants And Young Children: They are prone to bronchiolitis and severe respiratory symptoms.

• Elderly Individuals: Age-related immune decline increases susceptibility.

• Immunocompromised Patients: Those undergoing chemotherapy, organ transplantation, or living with chronic illnesses.

• Individuals With Chronic Respiratory Conditions: Asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be exacerbated by HMPV.

5. Non-Respiratory Symptoms

While rare, HMPV may also cause symptoms such as:

• Headache

• Muscle Aches

• Irritability (in children).

  
  

Also Read: West Nile Fever In India: Key Symptoms And Treatment | ToneOp 

What Are The Causes Of HMPV Virus? Modes of Transmission

HMPV spreads from person to person through common modes of respiratory virus transmission:

1. Through Contact

Respiratory Droplets: Inhalation of droplets expelled by coughing, sneezing, or talking.

• Direct Contact: Touching an infected person's hands or face and subsequently touching the nose, mouth, or eyes.

• Contaminated Surfaces: Contact with surfaces or objects contaminated with the virus.

2. Environmental And Seasonal Factors

HMPV infections occur worldwide and are most common in late winter and early spring, similar to other respiratory viruses like RSV and influenza. Close contact in crowded environments (e.g., schools, day-care centres, nursing homes) increases the likelihood of transmission.

HMPV Virus In India

As per reports issued on January 8, 2025, at least eight human metapneumoviruses (HMPV) infections have been found in India, and the internet has started stating it as Pandemic 2.0. About the 8 freshly found cases, the first HMPV instances in India were in a three-month-old who was released from the hospital and an eight-month-old who is recuperating in the hospital. In Ahmedabad, a two-month-old later tested positive as well. Agencies in India are closely monitoring the situation in China and neighbouring countries, while the World Health Organisation (WHO) has woken up to the situation.

WHO’s former chief scientist Soumya Swaminathan, in her tweet on Monday, said that HMPV is not something to worry about. “It is a familiar virus affecting the respiratory system with symptoms based on how severe they are considered to be mainly as mild. We should all take normal precautions when we have a cold: wear a mask, wash with soap and water, and do not attend a large gathering; if one feels that he is having severe symptoms, get yourself tested.

Dr Neeraj Nischal, Professor of Internal Medicine at All India Institute of Medical Science, Delhi, emphasised that HMPV should not be compared with COVID, as SARS-CoV-2 was a novel virus strain for which there was no previous immunity in the body. In contrast, hMPV has been circulating in the human population for decades, and most individuals have been exposed to it during childhood, resulting in some level of pre-existing immunity.

Also Read: Nipah Virus Infection (NiV): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Prevention And Treatment 

Expert’s Advice 

Taking preventive measures is important to prevent Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) infection. Also, focusing on a diet to boost the immune system and support respiratory well-being is crucial. 

Focus on hydration by consuming water, herbal teas, and clear broths to help alleviate mucus and avoid dehydration. Incorporate immune-enhancing foods such as citrus fruits, bell peppers, vitamin C-rich fruits and berries, and zinc-packed foods like nuts, seeds, and legumes to aid recovery. Choose comforting, warm choices such as chicken soup to alleviate congestion and inflammation.

                                                                        Health Expert
Akshata Gandevikar

The Final Say

The Human Metapneumovirus is a pervasive and clinically significant respiratory pathogen. While its symptoms often resemble those of other respiratory viruses, its potential for severe disease in vulnerable populations underscores the importance of continued research, improved diagnostic methods, and preventive strategies. As our understanding of HMPV deepens, it is hoped that effective vaccines and treatments will soon become available.

FAQs

1. Is there a treatment for HMPV?

No specific antiviral treatments exist. Supportive care, including oxygen therapy, hydration, and fever management, is the primary approach for managing HMPV infections.

2. Are there any HMPV cases in India?

Yes, human metapneumovirus (HMPV) cases have been reported in India in 2025, with at least eight cases identified across various cities.

3. Is there a vaccine for HMPV virus?

Currently, there is no vaccine available for HMPV. 

4. Is human metapneumovirus contagious? 

Yes, HMPV is contagious and spreads through respiratory droplets, direct contact with an infected person, or touching contaminated surfaces.

5. Can HMPV infections be prevented?

Yes, preventive measures include handwashing, respiratory hygiene, disinfecting surfaces, and avoiding close contact with sick individuals during peak seasons.

6. Is HMPV serious, and how severe is HMPV compared to other respiratory viruses?

HMPV is generally not considered serious for healthy individuals, often causing mild, cold-like symptoms. However, it can lead to severe respiratory issues in infants, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems. HMPV can cause illnesses similar to RSV or influenza, with severity depending on the individual’s age, immune status, and underlying health conditions.

References

• https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/hmpv-not-new-virus-in-india-health-ministry-says-as-cases-detected/article69067772.ece

• https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22443-human-metapneumovirus-hmpv

• https://www.ndtv.com/health/health-ministry-confirms-three-hmpv-cases-in-india-know-symptoms-and-prevention-steps-7410083

• https://www.livemint.com/news/india/hmpv-virus-covid-19-is-it-dangerous-who-at-risk-china-india-everything-you-need-to-know-complete-guide-11736157295007.html

• https://www.webmd.com/lung/what-is-human-metapneumovirus

• https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/global-hmpv-tracker-karnataka-maharashtra-issue-guidelines-amid-rising-cases-china-hmpv-virus-scare-bengaluru-virus-7409815

  
  

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