5 Complications of Zika Virus Infection In Pregnancy and Symptoms Every Expectant Mother Should Know

As India grapples with a rising Zika virus outbreak in 2024, the health concerns surrounding this infection, particularly for pregnant women, have come to the forefront. Recent reports indicate a surge in cases, with several pregnant women testing positive in regions like Pune. Aedes mosquitoes mostly spread the Zika virus, and it puts great danger to mothers-to-be because this virus can cross over the placenta and negatively affect the development of a fetus. It's very important to comprehend what it means for both mother and baby if they get infected with Zika during pregnancy so we can protect their health properly.

Zika is an RNA virus, and Zika virus symptoms are typically mild in people, such as fever, rash, and joint pain. However, the stakes are much higher for pregnant women, as infection can lead to severe complications, including congenital disabilities. Notably, the virus has been linked to microcephaly, a condition characterised by abnormal brain development in infants.

In this blog, we will discuss 5 complications of the Zika virus in pregnancy and the symptoms that every expectant mother should be vigilant about. By understanding these risks, women can take proactive steps to protect their health and that of their unborn child. Keep reading to find out more. 

Table Of Contents 

1. What Zika Virus? 

2. How Can Zika Affect Pregnant Women? 5 Complications Of Zika Virus Infection During Pregnancy

3. Symptoms Of The Zika Virus Infection In Pregnant Women 

4. Expert’s Advice 

5. The Final Say 

6. FAQs

7. References 

What Zika Virus? 

Zika virus is a ss-RNA (single stranded) virus in the Flavivirus genus which belongs to the family, Flaviviridae. Humans contract this virus mostly by the bite of an infected mosquito, specifically Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. In addition, these mosquitoes transmit yellow fever, chikungunya, and dengue fever. In addition, sexual contact, blood transfusions, and transmission from a pregnant mother to her fetus can all spread Zika.

Zika shares close relations to other significant viruses in its genus, such as dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis and West Nile virus.

How is Zika virus transmitted?

Also Read: Nipah Virus Infection (NiV): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Prevention And Treatment 

How Can Zika Affect Pregnant Women? 5 Complications Of Zika Virus Infection During Pregnancy 

Zika in pregnant women is a concern as it can cause many complications and disorders. Let’s have a look at these complications of Zika virus during pregnancy:  

1. Microcephaly And Other Brain Abnormalities 

Zika virus, upon crossing the placental barrier, can directly invade the developing fetal brain. It preferentially targets neural progenitor cells, the building blocks of the brain. This viral invasion disrupts neurogenesis, migration, and differentiation of neurons, leading to impaired brain development. 

The result can be microcephaly, a condition where the baby's head is abnormally small, reflecting underlying brain abnormalities. Other brain complications include cortical thinning, calcifications, and structural brain defects.

2. Miscarriage And Stillbirth 

Zika virus infection can trigger an inflammatory response within the placenta, disrupting the delicate balance of hormones and nutrients essential for fetal survival. This inflammation can lead to placental insufficiency, depriving the fetus of oxygen and nutrients. Consequently, it increases the risk of miscarriage or stillbirth. Additionally, direct viral infection of fetal tissues can contribute to fetal demise.

Also Read: Top 9 Foods That Can Induce Miscarriage And Should Be Avoid During Pregnancy 

3. Eye Problems & Hearing Loss 

The Zika virus can infiltrate the developing ocular and auditory systems, causing severe damage. The virus may directly infect retinal cells, leading to inflammation and degeneration. This can result in conditions like microphthalmia (small eyes) and glaucoma. Also, the virus might invade the inner ear and affect the cochlea as well as the auditory nerve. This can cause loss of hearing, too.

4. Congenital The Zika Syndrome (CZS)

CZS is a group of abnormalities linked to Zika virus infection. It includes microcephaly, brain damage, eye problems, hearing loss and joint contractures. The underlying mechanism causing these issues is widespread damage to the growing fetal tissues - especially those in the brain, eyes and musculoskeletal system.

5. Developmental Delays 

Even in cases without severe structural abnormalities, Zika virus infection can impact fetal brain development, leading to long-term developmental delays. The virus could disturb neuronal connectivity, the formation of synapses, and cognitive function. This can cause problems in motor abilities, speaking skills, knowledge acquisition, and proper behaviour.

Even when there is no serious abnormality in the structure, Zika virus infection might affect how a baby's brain grows and develops over time.

Also Read: How To Prevent Dengue After Mosquito Bite? Expert Guided Insights To Stay Protected! 

Symptoms Of The Zika Virus Infection In Pregnant Women

 Let’s have a look at the following range of symptoms that could indicate Zika in pregnant women: 

1. Fever

A low-grade fever is one of the most common symptoms of the Zika virus. Pregnant women often experience a slight increase in body temperature for a few days. This fever is usually not very high, but it can make you sick. It is important to monitor your body temperature, stay hydrated and take home remedies for fever. 

If you think you have a fever and have travelled to an area where the Zika virus is present, talk to your doctor for further guidance and testing.

2. Rash

A red, itchy rash is another symptom of the Zika virus in pregnant women. These rashes usually start on the face and then spread to other parts of the body. It may appear small, flat, or raised and may be accompanied by itching or discomfort. The rash usually lasts from a few days to a week. Although it can be uncomfortable, it is generally not serious. 

3. Joint Pain

Zika virus can cause joint pain, particularly in the hands and feet. Pregnant women might feel mild to moderate discomfort from this symptom. Generally, the pain disappears after around one week, but on occasion, it can persist for a longer period of time. If you experience joint pain and have come into contact with the Zika virus, consult with your doctor regarding appropriate treatment and attention.

4. Conjunctivitis (Red Eyes)

Redness in the eyes, also called conjunctivitis or pink eye, can be a symptom related to Zika. Pregnant women might experience redness along with itchiness and feeling like they have something gritty inside their eyes. However, this problem is usually not severe and typically clears up without treatment after a few days (National Health Service). Applying a cold compress and avoiding eye contact can help relieve discomfort.

5. Muscle Pain

Muscle pain, or myalgia, is a common symptom of Zika virus infection in pregnant women. This pain can affect multiple muscle groups and can feel like the flu. The discomfort usually lasts a few days to a week. Resting can help control symptoms. If you are sick and have travelled to an area where the Zika virus is endemic, call your doctor for advice and get tested to confirm the infection.

6. Headache

While headaches during pregnancy are rather common, this could potentially indicate Zika virus infection if you have travelled to an endemic region. These headaches are mild to moderate and last for several days. Other symptoms like fever and muscle aches frequently accompany them. Headaches can be relieved by drinking enough water, relaxing, and sleeping.

7. Fatigue

Fatigue is a common symptom of Zika virus during pregnancy. Even after getting enough rest, pregnant women may feel tired and weak. This weakness can last from a few days to a week and makes daily activities difficult. Sustaining your recuperation requires eating a balanced diet, getting adequate sleep, and drinking plenty of water.

8. Abdominal Pain

Stomach pain during pregnancy is another common symptom that expectant mothers experience. However, again, if you have visited an endemic region, it’s better to rule out Zika infection. 

Zika virus stomach pain is usually mild and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as nausea or diarrhoea. It usually lasts a few days and can be controlled with rest and hydration. 

Also Read: What Causes Stomach Pain During Pregnancy? Discover Effective Management Strategies 

9. Nausea

Nausea is another symptom of the Zika virus in pregnant women. This feeling of nausea or vomiting can last for several days and may be accompanied by vomiting. Staying calm and eating small, frequent meals can help control nausea. It is important to rule out other causes of nausea and make sure you receive appropriate care during pregnancy.

10. Swollen Lymph Nodes

Pregnant women infected with the Zika virus may develop swollen lymph nodes. Small pea-like tumours in the neck, groin, or neck may become swollen and tender. These symptoms usually last a few days and can be bothersome.

Also Read: Expecting? Here Are the 10 Common Discomforts During Pregnancy You Should Know About 

Expert’s Advice 

As a health expert, I strongly advise pregnant women to exercise caution while travelling to places that have previously experienced Zika cases. 

During pregnancy, concentrate on bolstering your defences against the Zika virus. Consume fruits, vegetables, lean meats, and entire grains in a balanced diet. Consume foods high in antioxidants, such as berries, almonds, and green leafy vegetables, to boost the health of your immune system. Prenatal vitamins can also help to preserve general health, particularly ones that include folic acid. 

Health Expert
Akshata Gandevikar

The Final Say 

Zika virus infection during pregnancy can bring serious risks to a baby's development. Some complications include microcephaly, developmental delays, vision and hearing loss, stunted growth, etc. This indicates that early intervention and precaution are very important. 

As research continues to understand more about the Zika virus, pregnant women need to focus on their health and take needed steps to keep themselves and their babies safe. Regular check-ups during pregnancy, taking steps to prevent mosquito bites, and keeping updated with the newest health information are very important actions to lower the risk of getting Zika virus infection.

FAQs

1. Is the Zika still a concern for pregnancy?

Yes, the Zika virus is still a concern for pregnant women, especially in areas where it happens often. It can cause serious birth defects like microcephaly and other developmental issues for babies. Pregnant people should be very careful to avoid mosquito bites and follow travel advice to reduce risk.

2. How long after Zika infection to get pregnant?

It is advised to wait at least two months after getting Zika before trying to get pregnant. Men should wait for three months. This measure helps reduce the chances of passing on the virus to the infant.

3. How can the Zika virus be prevented while pregnant?

To prevent contracting the Zika virus while pregnant, use insect repellent and wear clothing with long sleeves and pants. Stay inside places with air conditioning or window screens to keep insects out. Stay away from locations with Zika outbreaks. Additionally, remember to use condoms to practice safe sex. By doing this, the infection is kept from spreading through intercourse.

4. How does Zika affect babies?

The Zika virus can bring about serious birth defects in babies, with microcephaly being the most noticeable one. This condition leads to a smaller head size than usual for the baby. Because of this, there may be delays in development, difficulties with thinking and learning, and various other health issues. The virus can also lead to vision problems, hearing impairment, and stunted growth.

References 

• https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the Zika-virus#:~:text=The Zika%20virus%20infection%20during%20pregnancy,myelitis%20in%20adults%20and%20children.

• https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/pregnancy/the Zika-virus-and-pregnancy

• https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/5-the Zika.html

• https://www.acog.org/womens-health/infographics/the Zika-virus-and-pregnancy

• https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16077-the Zika-virus

• https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/the Zika-virus/pregnant-planning-pregnancy.html

• https://utswmed.org/medblog/the Zika/

• https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/us-the Zika-pregnancy-registry/expectant-mothers/

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